GAOK AS A UNIQUE CULTURAL AND RELIGIOUS IDENTITY EXPRESSION FROM MAJALENGKA, WEST JAVA

Mahmudah Nur; Asri Saraswati

doi:10.31291/hn.v12i2.725

Authors

Mahmudah Nur Badan Riset dan Inovasi Nasional, Indonesia
Asri Saraswati Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31291/hn.v12i2.725

Keywords:

Gaok, cultural identity, religious expressions, oral traditions, Majalengka

Abstract

This article presents an explorative study on the continuity of Gaok traditions amidst social change in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia. As a cultural heritage, Gaok faced a negative stigma as a bid’ah (heresy). This article investigates how the Gaok serves as a religious expression as well as a form of adaptation for survival. It also explores how Gaok represents the unique religious identity of the Majalengka people with the fusion of Sundanese and Javanese cultures. A folklore approach was employed in this study, involving the texts of manuscripts performed in Gaok, observation of Gaok performances, and interviews with Gaok performers. The study found that Gaok represents the oral religious expressions of the Majalengka people, which contain collective memories about their cultural values, identity, and history. Furthermore, Gaok is an adaptive tradition to the contemporary developments over time, primarily cultural and religious influences in Majalengka. As an oral tradition, Gaok has transformed from participatory and communal art to individual performances.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Arifin, S. (2019). Budaya dan Seni Bertutur “Gaok” di Majalengka (1967-2018). Bandung: UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung.

Arjon, S. S. (2018). The Sleeping Giant: The Awakening of Religious Identity. Third International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (ICSPS 2017, 129(Icsps 2017), 207–210. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsps-17.2018.44

Badrudin. (2014). Antara Islam dan Kebudayaan dalam Filsafat Islam: Historitas Dan Aktualitas, Prosiding, Vol. 1 (Cet. 1). Yogyakarta: FA Press, pp. 208-226.

BN, I. (2023). Profil dan Sejarah Majalengka di Jawa Barat, Asal Asul Nama Dari Pohon hingga Sosok Sunan Gunung Jati. Bondowoso Network. https://bondowoso.jatimnetwork.com/khazanah/pr-1826555031/profil-dan-sejarah-majalengka-di-jawa-barat-asal-asul-nama-dari-pohon-hingga-sosok-sunan-gunung-jati

BPNB Jawa Barat. (2018). Gaok, Tradisi Lisan Majalengka yang Hampir Punah. BPNB Jawa Barat. https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbjabar/gaok-tradisi-lisan-majalengka-yang-hampir-punah/

Chinsinga, B. (2006). The Interface between Tradition and Modernity. Civilisations, 54, 255–274. https://doi.org/10.4000/civilisations.498

Danandjaja, J. (2015). Pendekatan Folklor dalam Penelitian Bahan-bahan Tradisi Lisan. In Pudentia MPSS (Ed.), Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan (Edisi Revisi). Jakarta: Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan.

Dewi, K. H. (2012). Javanese women and Islam: Identity formation since the twentieth century. Southeast Asian Studies, 1(1), 109–140.

Fakhrurozi, J. (2017). Strategi Dalang Gaok dalam Menghadapi Modernitas Masyarakat Pendukungnya. Proceedings Literary Studies Conference 2017, 50–55.

Fakhrurozi, J. (2018). Pemertahanan Tradisi Lisan Gaok di Desa Kulur Majalengka. Teknosastik, 14(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.33365/ts.v14i2.59

Falah, M. (2011). Sejarah Sosial Ekonomi Majalengka Pada Masa Pemerintahan Hindia Belanda (1819-1942). 3(2), 190–209.

Galland, O., & Lemel, Y. (2008). Tradition vs. modernity: The continuing dichotomy of values in European society. In Revue Francaise de Sociologie (Vol. 49, Issue SUPPL.). https://doi.org/10.3917/rfs.495.0153

Geertz, C. (1971). Islam Observed; Religious Development in Morocco and Indonesia Chicago & London (Phoenix Ed). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Geertz, C. (1973). The Interpretation of Cultures: Selected Essays. Basic Books, Inc., Publishers. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781912128310

Geertz, C. (1976). The Religion of Java (Phoenix). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Giddens, A. (1996). Consequences of Modernity. In Mapping the Secular Mind. Cambridge; Polity Press.

GL Koster. (2015). Kaca Mata Hitam Pak Mahmud Wahid atau Bagaimanakah Meneliti Puitika Sebuah Sastra Lisan. In Pudentia MPSS (Ed.), Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan (Revisi). Jakarta; Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan.

Gusfield, J. R. (1967). Tradition and Modernity; Misplaced Polarities in the Study of Social Change. American Journal of Sociology, 72(4), 351–362.

Isenberg, A., & Abrams, M. H. (1954). The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. In The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism (Vol. 12, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.2307/426915

Jainuri, A. (2014). Tradisi dan Modernitas; Mencari Titik Temu. In Musyawarah Nasional Tarjih Muhammadiyah ke-28.

Kusnadi, E. (2005). Profil Kesenian Daerah Majalengka. Majalengka: Kantor Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Kabupaten Majalengka.

Kurnianingsih, L. F. (2013). Kesenian Gaok di Desa Kulur Kecamatan Majalengka Kabupaten Majalengka Pada Upacara Babarit Pare. Bandung: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.

Millie, J. (2013). Splashed by the Saint. Splashed by the Saint. Leiden; KITLV Press. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004253810

Mulder, N. (1983). Abangan Javanese Religious Thought and Practice. Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde, 139(2/3), 260–267.

Panggabean, S. R., Alam, R. H., & Ali-Fauzi, I. (2010). Patterns of Religious Conflict in Indonesia (1990-2008). Studia Islamika; Indonesian Journal for Islamic Studies, 17(2), 233–298.

Pudentia MPSS. (2015). Pengantar: Bagian Pertama. In Pudentia MPSS (Ed.), 2Metodologi Kajian Tradisi Lisan (Revisi). Jakarta; Yayasan Obor Indonesia dan Asosiasi Tradisi Lisan.

Raffles, T. S. (1895). The History of Java: Vol. II (2nd ed.). John Murray.kota terbit, nama penerbit, halaman

Rahardjo, S. (2007). Kota-Kota Pra Kolonial Indonesia, Pertumbuhan dan Keruntuhan. Depok: Universitas Indonesia.

Rubaidi, R. (2019). Javanese Islam: A Blend of Javanese Culture and Islamic Mystism Viewed From Post-Colonial Perspective. El Harakah (Terakreditasi), 21(1), 19–35. https://doi.org/10.18860/el.v21i1.6066

Santoso, J. (2008). Arsitektur-Kota Jawa, Kosmos, Kultur dan Kuasa. Jakarta: Centropolis.

Saptono, N. (2014). Geografis Kota Majalengka dalam Kaitannya dengan Konsep Bentuk Lahan dan Tata Kota. In Purbawidya (Vol. 3, Issue 1, pp. 27–40).

Smith, W. C. (1964). The Meaning and End of Religion. New York: Macmillan.

Sutarno, A., Purwanto, S. A., & Gunawijaya, J. (2023). The Dynamics of Local Religion in Indonesia’s Multireligious Community. Journal of Gender, Culture and Society, 3(1), 32–41. https://doi.org/10.32996/jgcs.2023.3.1.4

Takdir, M. (2017). Identifikasi Pola-Pola Konflik Agama dan Sosial (Studi Kasus Kekerasan Berbasis Sektarian dan Komunal di Indonesia. Ri’ayah: Jurnal Sosial Dan Keagamaan, 2(01), 45. https://doi.org/10.32332/riayah.v2i01.962

Takdir, M., Mushthafa, M., & AS, R. (2021). The Dynamics of Religious Conflict in Indonesia: Contestation and Resolution of Religious Conflicts in The New Order Age. Al-Adyan: Journal of Religious Studies, 2(2), 103–121. https://doi.org/10.15548/al-adyan.v2i2.3184

Werbner, P. (2015). ‘Religion and Identity: Ritual, Pilgrimage,and Frontier Encounters,’ in Panagakos (ed.) Religious Diversity in the World Today. Vol 2:Ritual and Pilgrimage. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, pp. 215-237.

West Java Investment Partnership. (2021). Profil Sektoral dan Regional Jawa Barat; Kab. Majalengka. Pemprov Jawa Barat. https://investasi.jabarprov.go.id/public/

Zoetmulder, P. (1975). The Significance of the Study of Culture and Religion for Indonesian Historiography. In Soedjatmoko, M. Ali, G. Resink, & G. M. Kahin (Eds.), An Introduction to Indonesian Historiography (3rd ed.). New York: Cornell University Press.