The Meccan Fatwas and The Globalized Discourse of Exclusion: The Case of Anti-Ahmadiyah Movements In Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31291/hn.v2i1.101Keywords:
Ahmadiyah, minority groups, tolerance, fatwa, transnational Islam, Mecca, IndonesiaAbstract
This article explains the historical and global contextualization of intolerance towards religious minority group such as Ahmadiyah and it analyzes the recent increased animosity towards them in Indonesia. This paper argues that to understand the current persecution of Ahmadiyah one must begin with an examination of the early transnational efforts to marginalize Ahmadiyah and their effects on Muslim Commnunities. The Meccan fatwas in focus and their reproduction -provide an example of the ways in which such globalized discourses of exclusion regarding a particular religious group were strategically framed and mobilized in i.e. Lahore, Mecca and few other places, and how these historical and theological factors at play could provide more insight into the rising political intolerance and the criminalization of religious views in Indonesia.Downloads
References
Abaza, Mona. (2002). Debates on Islam and Knowledge in Malaysia and Egypt: Shifting Worlds. London: RoutledgeCurzon.
Alfitri. (2008). "Religious Liberty in Indonesia and the Rights of 'Deviant' Sects." Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 3(1):3.
Avonius, Leena. (2008). “The Ahmadiyya & Freedom of Religion in Indonesia." ISIM Review, 22(Autumn).
Badan Litbang Agama dan Diklat Keagamaan. (2008). Buku Sosialisasi Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Agama, Jaksa Agung, dan Menteri Dalam Negeri Republik Indonesia Nomor 3 Tahun 2008, Nomor KEP-033/A/JA/6/2008, Nomor 199 Tahun 2008 tentang Peringatan dan Perintah kepada Penganut, Anggota, dan/atau Anggota Pengurus Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia (JAI) dan Warga Masyarakat. Jakarta: Badan Litbang dan Diklat, Departemen Agama RI.
Beck, Herman L. (2005). “The Rupture between the Muhammadiyah and the Ahmadiyya." Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde, 161(2-3):210-246.
Blood, Margaret. (1974). “The Ahmadiyah in Indonesia: Its Early History and Contribution to Islam in the Archipelago.” Thesis, Department of Indonesian Languages and Literatures, Canberra, Australian National University.
Bruinessen, Martin Van. (2013). Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam: Explaining the Conservative Turn. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Crouch, Melissa. (2009). Indonesia: Militant Islam and Ahmadiyah: Origins and Implications. Melbourne: ARC Federation Fellowship, Centre for Islamic Law and Society, Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. (2007). Ahmadiyah Menodai Islam: Kumpulan Fakta dan Data. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin. (2008). Kebohongan Publik Terbaru Ahmadiyah: Tanggapan terhadap 12 Butir Penjelasan PB Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam.
Djamaluddin, M. Amin, Sudjangi, and Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengkajian Islam (Jakarta Indonesia). (2002). Ahmadiyah & Pembajakan al-Qur'an. Jakarta: Lembaga Penelitian & Pengkajian Islam.
Drake, H. A. (2000). Constantine and the Bishops: the Politics of Intolerance. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Husin, Asna. (1998). "Philosophical and Sociological Aspects of Dawah: A Study of Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah Indonesia." New York: Columbia University.
Ichwan, Moch. Nur. (2001). 'Differing Responses to an Ahmadi Translation and Exegesis: The Holy Qur’an in Egypt and Indonesia." Archipel, 62:143 - 161.
International Crisis Group. (2008). Indonesia: Implications of the Ahmadiyah Decree. Jakarta; Brussels: International Crisis Group.
Jalal, Ayesha. (2000). Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam since 1850. London: Routledge.
Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia. (1985). Kami Orang Islam: Dipersembahkan kepada yang Kami Cinta, Bangsa Indonesia. Jakarta: Jemaat Ahmadiyah Indonesia.
Jones, Owen Bennett. (2002). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press.
Kahin, Audrey. (2012). Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Political Biography of Mohammad Natsir. Singapore: NUS Press.
Kamal-ud-Din, Khwaja. (1923). The Secret of Existence, or, The Gospel of Action. Woking; Basbeer Muslim Library.
Kamaluddin, Khawaja. (2006). Rahasia Hidup. Jakarta: Darrul Kutubil Islamiyah.
Kaptein, Nico J. G. (2004). The Voice of the "Ulama": Fatwas and Religious Authority in Indonesia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Ma'mur, Uzamudin. (1995). ”Abul A'la Mawdudi's and Mohammad Natsir’s Views on Statehood: a Comparative Study." Montreal: McGill University.
Macmudi, Yon. (2008). Islamising Indonesia: The Rise of Jemaah Tarbiyah and the Prosperous Justice Party (PKS). ANU E Press.
Mahendra, Yusril Ihza. (2008). “Sekali Lagi SKB tentang Ahmadiyah.” Retrieved (http://yusril.ihzamahendra.com/2008/06/11/sekali-lagi-tentang-skb-ahmadiyah/).
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). (2006). Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa MUI ll tahun 2005. Jakarta: Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI). (2009). Mengawal Aqidah Umat: Fatwa MUI tentang Aliran-aliran Sesat di Indonesia. Jakarta: Sekretariat Majelis Ulama Indonesia.
Millie, Julian. (2012). “Preaching over Borders: Constructing Publics for Islamic Oratory in Indonesia.” in Flows of Faith: Religious Reach and Community in Asia and the Pacific, edited by Lenore Manderson, Wendy Smith, and Matt Tomlinson. Dordrecht; New York: Springer.
Mudzhar, M. Atho. (1993). Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia: Sebuah Studi tentang Pemikiran Hukum Islam di Indonesia 1975-1988. Jakarta: INIS.
Mukri, H. Moh., and lnstitut Agama Islam Negeri Raden Intan. (2006). Analisis terhadap Fatwa MUI tentang Pelarangan Ajaran Ahmadiyah. Bandar Lampung: Pusat Penelitian IAIN Raden Intan.
Muslim World League. (2007). 7th Makkah Conference: Calls for Defending the Prophet of Mercy. Makkah: Muslim World League.
Nasution, Khoiruddin. (2008). "Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI): On Abmadiyah." Millah: Jurnal Studi Agama, 7(2).
Natsir, M, and Lukman Hakiem. (2008). 100 Tahun Mohammad Natsir: Berdamai dengan Sejarah. Padang: Penerbit Republika.
Pijper, G.F. (1950). “De Ahmadiyah in Indonesia." Bingkisan budi: een bundel opstellen aan Dr. Philippus Samuel van Ronkel door vrienden en leerlingen aangeboden op zijn 80e verjaardag 1 Aug. 1950, 247-254.
Platzdasch, Bernhard. (2011). Religious Freedom in Indonesia: The Case of the Ahmadiyah. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Putubena, M. Saleh. (2007). Historiografi Haji Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS.
Qadeer, Mohammad A. (2006). Pakistan: Social and Cultural Transformations in a Muslim Nation. London; New York: Routledge.
Rais, M. Amien. (2004). Hubungan Antara Politik dan Dakwah: Berguru kepada M. Natsir. Pameungpeuk, Bandung: Mujahid.
Ropi, Ismatu. (2010). “Islamism, Government Regulation and the Ahmadiyah Controversies in Indonesia.” Al-Jami'ah, 48(2).
Ropi, Ismatu. (2012). “The Politics of Regulating Religion: State, Civil Society and the Quest for Religious Freedom in Modern Indonesia.” Ph.D Thesis, Canberra: Australian National University.
Sevea, Iqbal Singh. (2009). “The Ahmadiyya Print Jihad in South and Southeast Asia, in Islamic Connections: Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia, edited by R. Michael Feener and. Terenjit Sevea. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Tempo Interaktif. (2008). “Mayoritas Korban FPI Luka di Kepala.” 03 Juni.
Tempo Magazine. (1974). “’Ahmadiyah Sebuah Titik yang Dilupa’."
Valentine, Simon Ross. (2008). Islam and the Ahmadiyya Jama'at: History; Belief, Practice. New York: Columbia University Press.
Wahid Institute. (2011). Annual Report: Kebebasan Beragama dan Kehidupan Keagamaan di Indonesia. Jakarta: The Wahid Institute.
ZTF, Pradana Boy. (2012). “The Functions of Fatwa in Contemporary Muslim Societies: An Indonesian Experience." Jurnal Salam, Vol 15, No 1.
Zulkarnain, Iskandar. (2005). Gerakan Ahmadiyah di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS Yogyakarta.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.