Dialetic Between Islamic Law and Adat Law in the Nusantara: A Reinterpretation of the Terengganu Inscription in the 14th Century
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31291/hn.v3i2.14Keywords:
sultanate, Terengganu, Melaka, Islamic law, adat, customary law, adultery (zina), kingAbstract
This article discusses the inscription found in Terengganu, which originated in the early XIV Century. The inscription documents the laws implemented by the rulers of the time. These texts reveal that the laws of this time came from two sources: Islamic law and customary (adat) law. In other words, the inscription indicates that legal pluralism was already in existence by the 14th Century. Adat law was the principle legal system in place, playing an important role in the archipelagic society at the time. However, there was an alternative system of Islamic law (e.g. stoning as a punishment for adultery) in place for lower social classes. This finding suggests that Islamic law was already in existence in the early 14th century””much earlier than the prevailing understanding of the history of Islamic law suggests. The article contributes by providing the new transliteration from Jawi into Latin characters and the new translation from old-Malay into modern English, which are arguably more accurate than the previous work.Downloads
References
Ahmad, Kasim (ed). (1991). Hikayat Hang Tuah, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Andaya, Barbara Watson. (1999-2000). "Terengganu", in Encyclopédie de l'Islam, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Attas, Syed Muhammad Naguib al-. (1970). The Correct Date of the Trengganu Inscription, Kuala Lumpur: Museums Department.
____. (1969). Preliminary Statement on a General Theory of the Islamization of the Malay-Indonesian Archipelago, Malaysia: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Blagden, C.O. (1906). "Siam and the Malayan Peninsula", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, July, 1906, pp. 107-119.
____. (1924). "A Note on the Terengganu Inscription", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, II, No. II.
Broomhall, Marshall. (1905). Islam in China: a Neglected Problem, London: Morgan & Scott ltd.
Cabaton, Antoine and G. Meillon. (1990). "Indochine", in Encyclopédie de l'Islam, Leydedan Paris: E.J. Brill dan G.P. Maisonneuve.
Chau-Ju-Kua. (1911). Chau Ju-Kua: His Work on the Chinese and Arab Trade in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries, entitled Chu-Fan-Chi, translated by Friedrich Hirth and W. W. Rockhill, St. Petersburg: The Imperial Academy of Sciences.
Clifford, Hugh. (1992). An Expedition to Terengganu and Kelantan 1895, Kuala Lumpur: MBRAS, 1992.
Drewes, GWJ. (2001). "New Light on The Coming of Islam to Indonesia", in The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago, edited by Alijah Gordon, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.
Fatimi, S. Q. (1963). Islam Comes to Malaysia, Singapore: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.
Ġazâlî, Muhammad Ibn al-. (1997). al-Wasît fî al-Ma©hab, ed. Ahmad Mahmûd Ibrâhîmand Muhammad Muhammad Tâmir, VII Vols, Vol. VII, Kairo: Dâr al-Salâm.
Gerini, G. E. (1905). "The Nagara Kertagama List of Countries on the Indo-Chinese Mainland", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1905.
Hamadâni, Ibn al-Faqîh al-. (1973). al-Buldân, Abrégé du livre des pays, translated by Henri Masse, Damaskus: Institut Francais de Damas.
Hasan, Hamdan. (1980). "Peranan Aceh dalam Pengembangan Islam di Nusantara", article presented in the conference Sejarah Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam di Aceh dan Nusantara, Aceh Timur 25-30 September 1980.
Hashim, Muhammad Yusoff. (1991). Terengganu Darul Iman: Tradisi Persejarahan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Hooker, M.B. (1976). "The Terengganu Inscription in Malayan Legal History", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XLIX, no 2, 1976.
Ikram, Achadiati. (1980). Hikayat Sri Rama, Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia.
Kalus, Ludvik. (2003). "Réinterprétation des plus ancien nestèles funéraires islamiques nousantariennes: 1. Les deux inscription du "Champa"", Archipel, 66, 2003, pp. 63-90.
Kern, R.A. (2001). "The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago", in The Propagation of Islam in the Indonesian-Malay Archipelago, edited by Alijah Gordon, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Sociological Research Institute.
Lafont, PB., Po Dharma and Nguyen The Anh. (1990). Le Monde Indochinois et La Péninsule Malaise, Kuala Lumpur: NurSiaga and EFEO.
Lanang, Tun Seri. (1997). Sulalat al-Salatin ya'ni Pertuturan Segala Raja-raja (Sejarah Melayu), edited by Muhammad Haji Salleh, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.
Lombard, Denys. (1990). Le Carrefour Javanais, III vols, Paris: Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Tome II.
Manguin, Pierre-Yves. (1979). "L’introduction de l’Islam au Campa", Bulletin de l'Ecole Françaised 'Extreme Orient, LXVI, 1979, pp. 255-287.
Manzhûr, Ibn. Lisân al-'Arab, VI volumes, Beirut: Dâr al-Ma'ârif, Vol. II.
Marriot, H., (ed.). (1916). "A Fragment of the History of Terengganu and Kelantan", Journal of the Straits Branch Royal Asiatic Society, 72, no may, 1916.
Paterson, Major H. S. (1924). "An Early Malay Inscription from Terengganu", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, II, no III, 1924.
Pigeaud, Theodore G. TH. Java in the 14th Century. A Study in Cultural History. The Nagara-Kertagama by Rakawi Prapanca of Majapahit, 1365 A.D., V vols., The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1960-1963, Vol. I: text, p. 11. Vol. III: translation, p. 17. Vol. IV: commentary and recapitulation, p. 33.
Pirés, Tome. (1990). The Suma Oriental, An Account of the East from the Red Sea to Japan, Written in Malacca and India in 1512-1515, edited by Armando Cortesao, II volumes, New Delhi: Asian educational services.
Ravaisse, Paul. (1922). "Deux inscriptions coufiques du Campa", Journal Asiatique, XI, No. XX Octobre Décembre, 1922, pp. 247-289.
Reid, Anthony. (1993). Southeast Asia in the Age of Commerce 1450-1680, II jilid, jilid II, New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
Šâfi'i, Muhammad Ibn Idrîsn.a. al-. al-Umm, (ed.). Muhammad Zuhrî al-Nağğâr, VII Vols, Beirut: Dâr al-Ma'rifa, Vol. VI.
Šahriyâr, Buzurgh Ibn, Kitab Ağâ'ib al-Hind Barrihiwa Bahrihiwa Ğazâ’irihi (288-342 H.), edited by P. A. Van Der Lith, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1883-1886 in the Annexe B.
Šarbînî, Šamsuddîn Ibn Ahmad al-. (1996). Al-Iqnâ' Fî Halli Alfâzi Abî Šuğâ', (ed.). 'Ali 'Abd al-Hamîd Abû al-Hayr and Muhammad Wahbî Sulaymân, II vols, Vol. II, Damaskus: Dâr al-Hayr, 1996.
Sauvaget, Jean,ed. (1948). Ahbâr as-SînWa al-Hind, Relation de la Chine et de l'Inde, Les belles lettreséd., Paris: Société, 851.
Schacht, J. (1934). "Zinâ", in Encyclopédie de l'Islam, Leydeet Paris: E. J. Brill et C. Klinkcksieck.
____. (1999). Introduction au Droit Musulman, translated by Paul Kempf and Abdel Magid Turki, Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose.
Sham, Abu Hasan. (1980). "Hubungan Tanah Melayu dengan Kerajaan Aceh Khasnya Hubungan Melaka dengan Pasai", article presented at the conference Sejarah Masuk dan Berkembangnya Islam di Aceh dan Nusantara, Aceh Timur 25-30 September 1980.
Sheppard, M. C. ff. (1949). "A Short History of Terengganu", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XXII, No. 3, June, 1949.
Sirâfi, Sulaimân, al-. (1982). Silsila al-Tawârîh in "Relations des Voyages Faits par les Arabes et les Persansdans l'Inde et à la Chine dans le IXème Siècle de l'Ere Chrétienne", Joseph Touissant Reinaud ed., II vols., vol. II, Paris: O. Zeller Verlag & Osnabrück Allemagne, 1982, pp. 89-101.
Sutrisno, Sulastin. (1983). Hikayat Hang Tuah: Analisa Struktrur dan Fungsi, Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University Press.
Talib, Shaharil. (1984). After Its Own Image: The Terengganu Experience 1881-1941, Singapore: Oxford University Press.
Tibbets, G.R. (1956). "Pre-Islamic Arabia and South-East Asia", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XXIX, no. 3, 1956, pp. 182-208.
____. (1957). "Early Muslim Traders in South-East Asia", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XXX, No. I, 1957, pp. 1-45.
Vaux, Carra De. (1971). "Hadd", dalam Encyclopédie de l'Islam, Leydeet Paris: E.J. Brill et G.P. Maisonneuve& Larose S.A.
Wilkinson, R. J. (1935). "The Malacca Sultanate", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XIII, no. 2, 1935.
Winstedt, R.O. (1940). "Did Pasai Rule Kedah In The XIVth Century?" Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XVIII, no II, August, 1940.
____. (1940). "Malay Titles", Journal of the Malayan Branch Royal Asiatic Society, XVIII, no II, August, 1940.
Interview Claude Guillot in 18 June 2004.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2015 Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
